Kipengele kimojawapo cha lugha ya Kiingereza, pamoja na vingine vingi, ni mabadiliko ya muundo wa vitenzi ili kuonyesha wakati wa kitendo. Njia iliyozoeleka zaidi ya kuunda wakati uliopita wa kitenzi cha Kiingereza ni kuongeza mwisho -ed, lakini kuna vitenzi vingi ambavyo havitegemei kanuni hii.
Kwao:
- wakati wa kuunda Past Simple, umbo la pili la kitenzi kisicho cha kawaida hutumika;
- kuunda mojawapo ya nyakati timilifu (Past Perfect, Present Perfect, or Future Perfect), kitenzi modali hutumika katika mojawapo ya maumbo (ilikuwa - kwa wakati uliopita, have / has - kwa sasa., atakuwa na / atakuwa na - kwa siku zijazo) na kitenzi kisicho cha kawaida katika umbo la tatu.
Ugumu tofauti ni uelewa wa nyakati za lugha ya Kiingereza, hata hivyo, haswa katika nakala hii, umakini hulipwa kwa vitenzi vya Kiingereza visivyo kawaida vilivyo na maandishi na tafsiri. Soma na ukariri!
Kanuni ya kukariri harakavitenzi vya Kiingereza visivyo kawaida
Manukuu na tafsiri zinazotolewa katika mafunzo yoyote hazitasaidia kupata maelezo au usaidizi wa kupanga kwa uelewaji bora. Katika kesi hii, wanafunzi wengi wa Kiingereza huamua kujifunza kwa maneno rahisi, lakini katika kesi hii, kujifunza kwa kichwa ni adui mbaya zaidi. Kwa hakika, unaweza kufuatilia ruwaza na mfanano katika uundaji wa miundo ya vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida (kwa manukuu na tafsiri ni rahisi kujifunza) kwa takriban aina zake zote.
Vikundi
Kundi la kwanza la vitenzi visivyo kawaida vilivyo na maandishi na tafsiri:
Kidato cha kwanza | Unukuzi | Tafsiri | Fomu ya pili | Unukuzi | Tafsiri | Kidato cha tatu | Unukuzi |
gharama | [gharama] | gharama | gharama | [gharama] | gharama/gharama/gharama | gharama | [gharama] |
kata | [paka] | kata | kata | [paka] | kata/kata/kata | kata | [paka] |
kuumiza | [kofia] | kuumiza | kuumiza | [kofia] | kuumiza/kuumiza/kuumiza | kuumiza | [kofia] |
ruhusu | [ruhusu] | ruhusu, wacha | ruhusu | [ruhusu] | imeruhusiwa, acha/iruhusu, acha/iruhusu, acha | ruhusu | [ruhusu] |
weka | [weka | weka, weka, weka | weka | [weka | weka, weka, weka/weka, weka, weka/weka, weka, weka | weka | [weka |
soma | [soma] | soma | soma | [nyekundu] | soma/soma/soma | soma | [nyekundu] |
weka | [weka | sakinisha | weka | [weka | imesakinishwa/imesakinishwa/imesakinishwa | weka | [weka |
Kama unavyoona katika jedwali hili, aina zote tatu za vitenzi hivi visivyo vya kawaida yameandikwa sawa (na mara nyingi husomwa sawa).
Kundi la pili la vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida vyenye manukuu na tafsiri
Kidato cha kwanza | Unukuzi | Tafsiri | Fomu ya pili | Unukuzi | Tafsiri | Kidato cha tatu | Unukuzi |
kuwa | [bicam] | kuwa | ikawa | [baiskeli | ikawa | kuwa | [bicam] |
njoo | [cam] | njoo | alikuja | [alikuja] | alikuja | njoo | [cam] |
kimbia | [kimbia] | kimbia | alikimbia | [ren] | inakimbia | kimbia | [kimbia] |
Katika kundi hili la vitenzi visivyo kawaida, maumbo yao ya kwanza na ya tatu ni sawa.
Kundi la tatu
Kundi lifuatalo la vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida vilivyo na unukuzi na tafsiri vimetolewa hapa chini.
Kidato cha kwanza | Unukuzi | Tafsiri | Fomu ya pili | Unukuzi | Tafsiri | Kidato cha tatu | Unukuzi |
leta | [brin] | leta | imeletwa | [kaka] | imeletwa | imeletwa | [kaka] |
choma | [choma | choma | ilichoma | [ilichoma] | ilichoma | ilichoma | [ilichoma] |
nunua | [nunua] | nunua | ilinunua | [bot] | ilinunua | ilinunua | [bot] |
kamata | [kamata] | kamata | amekamatwa | [paka] | amekamatwa | amekamatwa | [paka] |
hisi | [filamu] | hisi | [ilihisi] | [ilihisi] | |||
pigana | [vita] | pigana | walipigana | [picha] | walipigana | walipigana | [picha] |
tafuta | [tafuta] | tafuta | imepatikana | [imepatikana] | imepatikana | imepatikana | [imepatikana] |
pata | [heti] | pokea | nimepata | [goth] | imepokelewa | nimepata | [goth] |
wana | [hev] | wana | ilikuwa na | [kichwa] | ilikuwa na | ilikuwa na | [kichwa] |
shikilia | [shikilia | weka | iliyofanyika | [shikilia | kushikilia | iliyofanyika | [shikilia |
weka | [kip] | endelea | imehifadhiwa | [capt] | inaendelea | imehifadhiwa | [capt] |
ongoza | [ongoza | habari | inaongozwa | [inaongozwa | inaongozwa | inaongozwa | [inaongozwa |
jifunze | [kitani] | jifunze | jifunze | [riboni] | kufundishwa | jifunze | [riboni] |
poteza | [legeza] | kupoteza | imepotea | [imepotea] | imepotea | imepotea | [imepotea] |
tengeneza | [tengeneza] | fanya | imetengenezwa | [imetengenezwa] | alifanya | imetengenezwa | [imetengenezwa] |
maana | [min] | kumbuka | ilimaanisha | [mant] | ilimaanisha | ilimaanisha | [mant] |
lipa | [pei] | lipa | imelipiwa | [imelipwa] | kulipa | imelipiwa | [imelipwa] |
sema | [sei] | ongea | alisema | [seid] | alizungumza | alisema | [seid] |
uza | [uza | uza | inauzwa | [askari] | inauzwa | inauzwa | [askari] |
tuma | [mchanga] | tuma | imetumwa | [sant] | imetumwa | imetumwa | [sant] |
shine | [shine] | shine | iliangaza | [imeonyeshwa] | iliangaza | iliangaza | [imeonyeshwa] |
kaa | [kaa | kaa | aliketi | [weka | ameketi | aliketi | [weka |
lala | [kuteleza] | lala | alilala | [kofi] | alilala | alilala | [kofi] |
harufu | [harufu | harufu | yeyuka | [yeyuka] | kiuno | yeyuka | [yeyuka] |
tumia | [span] | tumia | imetumika | [muda] | imetumika | imetumika | [muda] |
simama | [simama | simama | ilisimama | [studio] | ilisimama | ilisimama | [studio] |
fundisha | [tich] | fundisha | kufundishwa | [hiyo] | kufundishwa | mcheshi | [hiyo] |
ambia | [sema | ambia | aliambiwa | [imeambiwa] | aliambiwa | aliambiwa | [imeambiwa] |
fikiria | [sawazisha] | tafakari | mawazo | [seli] | kuwaza | mawazo | [seli] |
elewa | [elewa] | elewa | inaeleweka | [kueleweka] | inaeleweka | inaeleweka | [kueleweka] |
kushinda | [shinda] | kushinda | alishinda | [ameshinda | alishinda | alishinda | [ameshinda |
Katika kundi hili, vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida vina aina ya pili na ya tatuzinafanana.
Kundi la nne
Vitenzi visivyo vya kawaida vilivyo na unukuzi na tafsiri:
Kidato cha kwanza | Unukuzi | Tafsiri | Fomu ya pili | Unukuzi | Tafsiri | Kidato cha tatu | Unukuzi |
kuwa | [bi] | kuwa | ilikuwa, walikuwa | [woz, ue] | ilikuwa | imekuwa | [bin] |
anza | [anza | anza | ilianza | [bigen] | imeanza | imeanza | [kubwa] |
pigo | [piga] | kupuliza | ilivuma | [bluu] | ilivuma | iliyopulizwa | [bloon] |
chagua | [chuz] | chagua | alichagua | [chagua] | chagua | imechaguliwa | [mteule] |
fanya | [doo] | fanya | alifanya | [alifanya | alifanya | imekamilika | [dan] |
droo | [drow] | droo | ilichora | [ilitoa | mchoro | iliyochorwa | [drone] |
kunywa | [kunywa] | kunywa | kunywa | [mlevi] | kunywa | mlevi | [kunywa] |
kula | [it] | ni | alikula | [alikula | alikula | imeliwa | [itn] |
anguka | [chafu] | anguka | ilianguka | [fal] | inaanguka | imeanguka | [folen] |
kuruka | [kuruka | kuruka | aliruka | [mafua] | kuruka | ndege | [floun] |
sahau | [sahau] | sahau | umesahau | [amesahau] | umesahau | imesahaulika | [amesahau] |
toa | [giv] | toa | alitoa | [alitoa | alitoa | imetolewa | [imetolewa] |
nenda | [nenda | nenda | alienda | [walienda | kutembea | imeondoka | [gongo |
kukua | [kua | kukua | ilikua | [grue] | inakua | mzima | [groon] |
ficha | [hyde] | ficha | iliyofichwa | [imefichwa] | kujificha | imefichwa | [imefichwa] |
jua | [jua] | jua | alijua | [mpya] | alijua | inajulikana | [hakuna] |
uongo | [kubweka] | uongo | weka | [lay] | uongo | lain | [njia |
panda | [safari | panda (kwenye kitu) | alipanda | [barabara | panda (kwenye kitu) | iliyopanda | [kuondoa |
kupanda | [panda] | panda | waridi | [ilipanda] | alipanda | imefufuka | [risn] |
tazama | [si] | tazama | niliona | [sou] | imeonekana | imeonekana | [syn] |
tikisa | [shavu] | tikisa | ilitikisa | [ilitikisa | inatetemeka | imetikiswa | [imetikiswa] |
imba | [syn] | imba | aliimba | [imetumwa | aliimba | iliyoimbwa | [san] |
ongea | [zungumza | ongea | alizungumza | [alizungumza] | alizungumza | imezungumza | [spokane] |
kuiba | [style] | kuiba | aliiba | [meza] | kuiba | ibiwa | [stoulan] |
ogelea | [idadi | ogelea | ogelea | [aliogelea | elea | kuogelea | [aliogelea |
chukua | [chukua] | chukua | ilichukua | [gonga] | ilichukua | imechukuliwa | [teiken] |
tupa | [srow] | tupa | alitupa | [Sry] | iliyotupwa | iliyotupwa | [srow] |
amka (amka) | [amka (amka)] | amka | umeamka (up) | [jamani (juu)] | kuamka | amsha (up) | [njiainaweza |
kuvaa | [uea] | kuvaa | alivaa | [woah] | alivaa | huvaliwa | [ameshinda |
andika | [sawa] | andika | aliandika | [urout] | aliandika | imeandikwa | [uritn] |
Kundi hili la vitenzi visivyo kawaida ni pamoja na vile ambavyo vinafomu zote ni tofauti. Hata hivyo, bado unaweza kufuatilia "kanuni za miundo" zilezile miongoni mwa baadhi yazo.
Inamchukua mtu wa kawaida takriban wiki moja kukariri vitenzi vya kimsingi visivyo vya kawaida, kwa hivyo inachukua juhudi kidogo tu kuvijifunza kwa orodha hii ya vitenzi visivyo kawaida vilivyo na manukuu na tafsiri.